הומו ארקטוס - האדם הזקוף
ד"ר אמנון טיל, DAT
http://web.beitberl.ac.il/%7Eamnon.till/lme.htm

Homepage:
http://mywebpage.netscape.com/amnontl/homepage.htm
New Stage Homepage:
http://www.stage.co.il/Authors/AmnonTill
Email: amnont@walla.co.il

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ראשי פרקים
==============
הקדמה
מאמרי פתיחה כלליים
מאובנים מאפריקה, אסיה ואירופה
מאמרים שונים
ראש חזק
כלים
מגורים
אמנות
דיבור
קבורה
מסעות ימיים
נושאים שונים
חוקרים קלאסיים
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ביבליוגרפיה
מאמרים בסדרה: האבולוציה של האדם
פרקים בספר: "מהפכות המידע"
===========================================
הקדמה

לפני כשני מיליון שנים נוצר מהומו הביליס - האדם המסוגל
(Handy man), מין חדש בשם הומו ארקטוס - "האדם הזקוף", שהתפשט
מאפריקה לאסיה ולאירופה. ממדי מוחו של הומו ארקטוס גדלו
ל915-1140 סמ"ק. לפני כחצי מיליון שנים הם הגיעו לרמות
מודרניות בגודל המוח ובמבנה השיניים. מהומו ארקטוס נוצר המין
המודרני, הומו ספיאנס, וכן המין שנכחד - הניאנדרטלים.

הומו ארקטוס הוא יצור מרתק. הוא היצור הראשון ממשפחת Homo שעזב
את אפריקה ויצא למסע ברחבי יורו-אסיה. הומו ארקטוס התגלה
באפריקה (למשל ליד אגם טורקנה בקניה - "הנער מטורקנה" וכן
באריתריאה ובאתיופיה), באירופה (למשל בהיידלברג בגרמניה
ובדמנסי שבגרוזיה ובאנגליה) ובאסיה (למשל בפקין שבסין ובאיים
פלורס וג'אווה שבאינדונזיה ובישראל).

הדבר המרתק ביותר בתולדות הומו ארקטוס הוא הוא יכולתו האמנותית
ומסעותיו הימיים ברחבי אינדונזיה אותם חקר החוקר רוברט
בדנאריק.
כנראה שלהומו ארקטוס היה פריצת דרך לעבר האנושיות במידה רבה
יותר ממה ששוער ע"י החוקרים הקודמים.
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לאחרונה התגלה שהומו ארקטוס לא נוצר מהומו הביליס אלא חי
לצידו.

מאובנים חדשים משנים את סדר מיני האדם כפי שנחשב עד כה

http://www.hayadan.org.il/wp/change-of-order-in-human-species-0908078/

מהמאמר: "גולגולת עתיקה ועצם לסת שהתגלו באפריקה רומזות כי
הומו ארקטוס והומו האביליס חיו זה לצד זה, וניזונו ממקורות
שונים לפני למעלה ממיליון שנה".
===========================================
מאמרים

מאמר בעברית על הומו ארקטוס של פרופ' יואל רק

http://www.hofesh.org.il/articles/science/erectus.html


הומו ארקטוס מאתר אנסרס קום

http://www.answers.com/topic/homo-erectus


משפחת Homo

http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth1602/pchomo.html


מפת התפשטות הומו ארקטוס ביורו-אסיה

http://www.rdg.ac.uk/steppingout/colonisation/datesmap.htm


מידע כללי על הומו ארקטוס והתפשטותו בעולם

http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth1602/pchomoer.html

http://anthro.palomar.edu/homo


מאמר מדעי עדכני ומקיף על ההגירה של הומו ארקטוס מאפריקה
ליורו-אסיה

http://www.nyu.edu/gsas/dept/anthro/programs/csho/Content/Facultycvandinfo/Anton/ARA04scaccs.pdf


על מסעו הארוך של הומו ארקטוס ברחבי העולם

http://www.athenapub.com/13intro-he.htm


Homo erectus is a major figure in our past. Fossils
identified as Homo erectus span most of the 1.9 million year
Pleistocene era, a period which includes the transition to
larger-brained hominids, a basic evolution of tool
manufacture and use, and the first widespread movement and
adaptations of early human populations to distinct
environments. Homo erectus ranged further than any other
hominid before Homo sapiens, from Africa to Indonesia,
China, Eurasia, and Western Europe - and probably, at some
intermediate points, back to Africa

לוח הזמנים של הומו ארקטוס

http://www.kessler-web.co.uk/History/FeaturesAfrica/HominidChronology4.htm

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מאובנים שונים של הומו ארקטוס

עד היום נמצאו למעלה מ-222 של הומו ארקטוס. הנה כמה מהם:

מידע כללי על הומו ארקטוס והתפשטותו בעולם

http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth1602/pchomoer.html

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אפריקה

קניה

הנער מטורקנה קניה

http://www.answers.com/Turkana%20Boy

http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/15000.html


עוד גולגולת מטורקנה קניה

http://www.mos.org/evolution/fossils/fossilview.php?fid=38


גולגולות מקניה

http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/3733.html

http://www.paleodirect.com/bh011.htm

http://www.archaeologyinfo.com/er3733.htm


הויכוח על מאובן מקניה

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3857113.stm


ויכוחים על ממצא של הומו ארקטוס שנמצא לאחרונה בקניה

http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-2941926,00.html

מהמאמר: "גולגולת הומנואיד שחי לפני 930 אלף שנה נמצאה בקניה,
והציתה ויכוח בקרב המדענים כיצד לשייך את בני האדם העתיקים
הללו".

אריתריאה

הומו ארקטוס מאריתריאה

http://www.archaeology.org/9809/newsbriefs/eritrea.html


אתיופיה

הומו ארקטוס מאפר שבאתיופיה: הומו ספיאנס מוצאו ממנו

http://www.mos.org/evolution/fossils/fossilview.php?fid=39


הומו ארקטוס מאתיופיה מוכיח שמוצאו של הומו ארקטוס מאפריקה

http://www.trussel.com/prehist/news286.htm


PORTLAND, Ore. (AP) A million-year-old skull found in
Ethiopia confirms the theory that modern man evolved from a
single prehuman species that developed in Africa and
migrated throughout much of the world, scientists say.


Ethiopian Fossil Skull Indicates Homo Erectus Was Single,
Widespread Species 1 Million Years Ago

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2002/03/020325080853.htm

Berkeley - A million-year-old Homo erectus skull found in
Ethiopia indicates that this human ancestor was a single
species scattered widely throughout Asia, Europe and Africa,
not two separate species, according to an international
group of scientists who discovered the skull in 1997.


http://www.lanl.gov/orgs/pa/newsbulletin/2002/03/21/text01.shtml

Working with paleoanthropologist Tim White of the University
of California at Berkeley, WoldeGabriel and an international
research team unearthed fragments of a skull belonging to a
member of the Homo erectus species from ancient sediment
layers in Ethiopia. The skull indicates that Homo erectus
populated Europe, Asia and Africa, and that species
counterparts on each of those continents were the same - a
finding highlighted today in a cover story in the journal
Nature.


Ethiopian fossil skull indicates Homo erectus was single,
widespread species 1 million years ago

http://www.scienceblog.com/community/older/2002/C/20025606.html


Remains of Homo erectus from Bouri, Middle Awash, Ethiopia

http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v416/n6878/abs/416317a.html

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אסיה

ישראל

הומו ארקטוס יוצא מאפריקה וחונה בישראל

בשנת 2001 תוארכו מחדש ממצאים ליד קיבוץ גשר באתר המכונה ארק
אל אחמר (Erq el-Ahmar) בו נמצאו שרידים לפעילות הומו ארקטוס
בין 1.78 ל1.96מליון שנה!.

על האתר "ארק אל אחמר" בישראל אפשר לקרא במאמר זה.

http://www.nyu.edu/gsas/dept/anthro/programs/csho/Content/Facultycvandinfo/Anton/ARA04scaccs.pdf


כך משמרים בישראל את שרידי ההומו ארקטוס בתל עובדיה מלפני 1.4
מיליון שנה

http://www.hayadan.org.il/obedia.html

http://archaeology.about.com/od/uterms/g/ubeidiya.htm

http://archaeology.about.com/od/archaeologistsac/g/baryosefofer.htm


עדות לשימוש קדום באש ע"י הומו ארקטוס בישראל מלפני 790 אלף
שנה

http://www.hayadan.org.il/oldestcampfire.html


ממצאים ישראלים מגשר בנות יעקב מלפני 780 אלף שנה

http://www.hum.huji.ac.il/archaeology/GBY/finds.htm

http://www.hum.huji.ac.il/archaeology/GBY/reka.html


אינדונזיה

הומו ארקטוס מג'ווה באינדונזיה

http://www.answers.com/Java%20man

http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/java.html#sangiran2

http://www.mnh.si.edu/anthro/humanorigins/ha/trinil2.html

http://www.mnh.si.edu/anthro/humanorigins/ha/ng6.html

http://www.archaeology.org/online/features/java/index.html

http://www.mos.org/evolution/fossils/fossilview.php?fid=40

http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/274/5294/1870?rbfvrToken=d2f14ccdc8a7c3e974616e2e919242e2d5bf1d7a


הומו ארקטוס שרד בג'אווה עד לפני 53 עד 27 אלף שנה

http://www.archaeology.org/9703/newsbriefs/h.erectus.html


גולגולת של הומו ארקטוס מאינדונזיה שהתגלתה בחנות בניו יורק

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/441569.stm


A pre-human fossil skull that could yield important new
information about the evolution of man has turned up in a
New York shop.
The skull was obtained by the Columbus Avenue shop Maxilla
and Mandible Ltd in March from a mysterious man who claimed
to represent the estate of a collector. The shop's owner
Henry Galiano realised it could be ancient and valuable and
called in experts from the nearby American Museum of Natural
History.

The grey-coloured skull, a nearly complete cranium but
missing an upper and lower jaw, is probably that of a male
Homo erectus in his 20s who walked the earth between 1.7
million and 300,000 years ago, scientists have concluded.
The fossil is believed to have come originally from
Indonesia.

הומו פלורנסינסיס מהאי פלורס האינדונזיה

http://stage.co.il/Stories/507487


סין

הומו ארקטוס מפקין

http://www.answers.com/Peking%20man

http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/peking.html

http://www.mos.org/evolution/fossils/fossilview.php?fid=43


הומו ארקטוס מסין

http://www.chineseprehistory.org/pics3.htm

http://www.chineseprehistory.org

http://www.mnh.si.edu/anthro/humanorigins/ha/weid.html

http://www.mos.org/evolution/fossils/fossilview.php?fid=48


מאמר על הומו ארקטוס מאתר ליד פקין

http://www2.uiowa.edu/dragon/articles/Brute%20of%20DBH.pdf


מאמר על המגורים של הומו ארקטוס בסין
New Evidence shows that a venerable cave was neither hearth
nor home

http://www.uiowa.edu/%7Ebioanth/courses/Peking1.htm


China is filled with archaeological wonders, but few can
rival the Peking Man Site at Zhoukoudian, which has been
inscribed on UNESCO's World Heritage List. Located about
thirty miles southwest of Beijing, the town of Zhoukoudian
boasts several attractions, including ruins of Buddhist
monasteries dating from the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644).

But the town's main claim to fame is Longgushan, or Dragon
Bone Hill, the site of the cave that yielded the first (and
still the largest) cache of fossils of Homo erectus
pekinensis, historically known as Peking Man - a human
relative who walked upright and whose thick skull bone and
beetling brow housed a brain three-quarters the size of H.
sapiens's


evidence unearthed at the site suggested that these
creatures, who lived from about 600,000 to 300,000 years
ago, had mastered the use of fire and practiced cannibalism.
But despite years of excavation and analysis, little is
certain about what occurred here long ago. In the past two
we have visited the cave site, examined the fossils, and
carried out new tests in an effort to sort out the facts.

המחברים מסכמים שהמערה של האדם מפקין אוכלסה ע"י צבועים ענקיים
שאכלו חיות שונות וביניהם גם את ההומו ארקטוס.

סיכום המחקר על מערת "אדם פקין" בספר

http://www2.uiowa.edu/dragon/descript.htm

"Peking Man," A cave man once thought a great hunter who had
first tamed fire, actually was a composite of the gnawed
remains of some fifty women, children, and men unfortunate
enough to have been the prey of the giant cave hyena.
Researching the famous fossil site of Dragon Bone Hill in
China, scientists Noel T. Boaz and Russell L. Ciochon retell
the story of the cave's unique species of early human, Homo
erectus.

Boaz and Ciochon take readers on a gripping scientific
odyssey. New evidence shows that Homo erectus was an
opportunist who rode a tide of environmental change out of
Africa and into Eurasia, puddle-jumping from one gene pool
to the next. Armed with a shaky hold on fire and some sharp
rocks, Homo erectus incredibly survived for over 1.5 million
years, much longer than our own species Homo sapiens has
been on Earth. Telltale marks on fossil bones show that the
lives of these early humans were brutal, ruled by hunger and
who could strike the hardest blow, yet there are fleeting
glimpses of human compassion as well. The small brain of
Homo erectus and its strangely unchanging culture indicate
that the species could not talk. Part of that primitive
culture included ritualized aggression, to which the
extremely thick skulls of Homo erectus bear mute witness.

Both a vivd recreation of the unimagined way of life of a
prehistoric species, so similar yet so unlike us, and a
fascinating exposition of how modern multidisciplinary
research can test hypotheses in human evolution, Dragon Bone
Hill is science writing at its best.

הודו

הומו ארקטוס מהודו

http://onlypunjab.com/fullstory2k5-insight-News-status-15-newsID-33253.html

A French paleontology team is currently in Kolkata to study
the only homo erectus skull found in India to find new
insights into the over half million year old fossil, which
has baffled Indian scientists for over 21 years.

 
Scientists decode evolution, study rare Homo erectus fossil
found in India  

http://www.zeenews.com/znnew/articles.asp?aid=240559&sid=ENV&ssid=26

Sept 09: A French paleontology team is studying the only
homo erectus skull found in India to find new insights into
the over half million year old fossil, which has baffled
Indian scientists for over 21 years.
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אירופה

גרמניה

הומו ארקטוס מהיידלברג גרמניה

http://www.mos.org/evolution/fossils/fossilview.php?fid=42

http://www.mos.org/evolution/fossils/fossilview.php?fid=46


אנגליה

הומו ארקטוס באנגליה מלפני 700 אלף שנה

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/2025530.stm

The discovery of stone tools and animal bones in Eastern
England has made scientists think humans may have been
present in Britain 200,000 years earlier than previously
thought.
Research at two coastal sites, one of them at Happisburgh,
Norfolk, showed humans could have settled in the country
700,000 years ago.

Experts previously thought the earliest humans arrived
500,000 years ago.

הומו ארקטוס חצה את האלפים כבר לפני 700 אלף שנה

http://news.walla.co.il/?w=/5/828844

מהמאמר: "כלי צור שהתגלו לאחרונה במזרח אנגליה מצביעים על כך
שבני אדם חיו מצפון לאלפים 200 אלף שנים מוקדם יותר ממה שסברו
המדענים"

גרוזיה

ההומו ארקטוס בן 1.77 מליון שנה מדמנסי מגרוזיה

http://stage.co.il/Stories/509967


עוד מאובנים


http://www.mnh.si.edu/anthro/humanorigins/ha/erec.html

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מאמרים

ניתוח תלת ממדי של המפרק המנדיבולרי והשלכותיו על זיהוי מינים
בהומו ארקטוס

http://www.campusteva.tau.ac.il/index.php?knowlage=204

מהמאמר: בעיית זיהוי מינים באבולוציה של האדם הייתה ועודנה
מקור למחקרים ודיונים רבים. מטרת עבודה זו היא לנסות ולבחון
האם ניתן להשתמש בניתוח מורפומטרי תלת-ממדי של המפרק
המנדיבולרי
(mandibular fossa), אזור בו מתחברת הלסת לגולגולת, ככלי עזר
לזיהוי מינים. השיטה נוסתה על הומו ארקטוס, קבוצה שקיימת
מחלוקת לגבי מספר המינים שבה.

EARLY HUMAN EVOLUTION:
A Survey of the Biological and Cultural Evolution
of Homo habilis and Homo erectus

http://anthro.palomar.edu/homo


Homo erectus

http://www.geocities.com/palaeoanthropology/Herectus.html

 The first findings of Homo erectus fossils were made in
the late 19th and early 20th century in Indonesia and China.
At first, these findings were not recognised as early
hominids, but with later studies it was finally accepted
that Homo erectus was a widespread early human species.

Homo erectus

http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Lab/8932/erectus.html

Homo erectus is one of several species of Homo generally
recognized by most experts. Homo erectus has thick vault
bones, the area over the eye sockets protrude quite
prominently into the supraorbital (brow) ridges, the
occipital region of the skull has a horizontal ridge known
as the occipital torus, and the area along the sagital
suture is raised into a low keel, called a sagital keel.
This keel has flattened areas extending laterally from it.
Hominids with this type of morphology began to show up in
Africa approximately 1.5 to 1.6 miliion years ago

Homo erectus

http://www.archaeologyinfo.com/homoerectus.htm

Throughout the early years of paleoanthropology, there were
only two different species that were attributed to the genus
Homo. These included the Neanderthals, and Homo erectus. In
the early 1960s, this began to change, and human ancestry
seemed to be populated by many different players.
Accordingly, erectus is one of the better-known members of
genus Homo, especially in terms of its well-established
place in paleoanthropology. This has begun to change,
however, and now some question its place in human evolution.


Homo erectus

http://www.stanford.edu/%7Eharryg/protected/chp22.htm

It is widely accepted that population similar to Homo
erectus was directly ancestral to the earliest members of
living species Homo sapiens. The exact timing and mode of
transformation are still controversial.

Homo erectus appears to have evolved in Africa about 1.8
million years ago. Migrations first to Asia and then to
Europe. the species became extinct sometimes less than .5
million years ago. This timing places Homo erectus between
Homo habilis and the earliest appearance of Homo sapiens.
The time of migration out of Africa is unknown. Most
scholars agreed migration occur about 1 million years ago
but there is continue debate over how much earlier than this
had begun.

Homo erectus

http://www.mnh.si.edu/anthro/humanorigins/ha/erec.html

To understand what we mean today by "Homo erectus", some
history of paleoanthropological thought is needed. The first
early human fossil found outside of Europe was the Trinil 2
fossil skullcap from the Solo River in Java, pictured to the
right. The fossil was placed in the species Pithecanthropus
erectus by its discoverer Eugene Dubois.

Almost 40 individuals have been recovered from Java to this
day, roughly equivalent to the number of fossils found at
the caves of Choukoutien in China.

The Choukoutien fossils found were originally assigned the
species name Sinanthropus pekinensis. It was not until the
1950's that Ernst Mayr proposed that all of the specimens
from these two roughly contemporaneous locales, along with
others localities from Europe and Africa, represented a
single species, Homo erectus. Since the 1950's, however, the
early African populations of what Mayr termed Homo erectus
have once again been split into a separate species Homo
ergaster.

הומו ארקטוס

http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/specimen.html#erectus


Early Man: Homo Erectus

http://emporium.turnpike.net/C/cs/emhe.htm

In the quest to explain human origins it is necessary to
find a species that bridges modern man (Homo sapiens) with
the apes. To fill this gap evolutionists have set forth Homo
erectus, having lived by their time scale between
approximately 400,000 and 1.6 million years ago. Although
their definition is somewhat vague the following
characteristics are generally accepted.

Homo erectus

http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/society/A0824061.html

Homo erectus , extinct hominid living between 1.6 million
and 250,000 years ago. Homo erectus is thought to have
evolved in Africa from H. habilis, the first member of the
genus Homo. Anatomically and physiologically, H. erectus
resembles contemporary humans except for a stouter bone
structure. The size of its braincase (850-1000 cc),
approaches that of H. sapiens, but the cranial bones are
more massive than either those of H. habilis or modern
humans.

הומו ארקטוס

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/humans/humankind/k.html

Homo erectus, unlike H. habilis and all of the
Australopithecus species, ranged far beyond Africa. Some
scientists have split H. erectus into three separate
species, based on the geographic region in which specimens
have been found: H. ergaster (Africa), H. erectus (Asia),
and H. heidelbergensis (Europe). Homo heidelbergensis
specimens are also sometimes classified as archaic H.
sapiens.

הומו ארקטוס והומו ספיאנס

http://www.leeds.ac.uk/bms/teaching/modules/humb1060/anth07.pdf


תמיכה במודל של היציאה מאפריקה

http://www.genome.org/cgi/content/full/8/4/339

The debate on modern human origins has often focused on the
relationship between genes and fossils. Although more and
more genetic evidence has been accumulating in favor of a
recent African origin for modern humans, it has been assumed
by many that the fossil evidence remains ambiguous.
On the contrary, it has been clear for some time that the
fossil evidence does not support the multiregional model:
Fossils and archeology indicate a pattern of multiple
dispersals from and beyond Africa, against which the genetic
data can be compared. The continuing value of paleobiology
is in complementing genetic information by revealing the
context of human evolution: locating the dispersals and
extinctions of populations in time and space, correlating
these events with the environmental forces that shaped them,
and providing an increasingly detailed understanding of the
morphology and technology of early humans
=======================================
ראש חזק

Scientists: Hard heads a key to survival

http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TECH/science/02/12/coolsc.thickskulls/

Get it through your once-thick skull. Scientists say the
bulky craniums of the human ancestor, homo erectus, may have
helped the species survive some aggressive mating rituals.

Headstrong Hominids

http://www2.uiowa.edu/dragon/Natural%20History%20Magazine%20%20Feature.htm

The mysterious skulls of Java man and Peking man
may have evolved because males were
clubbing each other in fights.
========================================
כלים

כלי אבן מסין

Early Homo erectus Tools in China

http://www.archaeology.org/0001/newsbriefs/china.html

The ancient fossil site of Renzidong (Renzi Cave) in Anhui
Province, eastern China, is yielding animal bones and
possible stone tools showing that Homo erectus may have
established itself here 2.25 million years ago, more than
400,000 years earlier than previously thought. Renzidong
appears to be the oldest among a growing number of sites
suggesting great antiquity for hominins (humans and close
ancestors) in East Asia. The site, a large fissure, is also
fueling a debate on the origins of our genus Homo, with some
Chinese scientists proposing an evolution of H. erectus in
China parallel to that already observed in Africa.

גרזני אבן מסין מלפני 803 אלף שנה

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/664967.stm

The oldest stone axe tools ever found in Asia have been
unearthed by a team of Chinese and American archaeologists.

The tools, which are about 803,000 years old, demonstrate
that early humans living in the region had a similar degree
of technological expertise as those living in Africa.

Until now it had been suggested that early Asian humans were
not as sophisticated as those living on the African
continent and in Europe during the same time period.

The tools were uncovered in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous
region, near the border with Vietnam in southern China. They
are classic hand-held stone axes - teardrop shaped with a
sharp cutting edge.

כלים

http://people.uncw.edu/albertm/ant210summer03/erectus.htm

======================================
מגורים

"בית" של הומו ארקטוס ביפן מלפני חצי מיליון שנה

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/662794.stm

Japanese archaeologists have uncovered the remains of what
is believed to be the world's oldest artificial structure,
on a hillside at Chichibu, north of Tokyo.

The shelter would have been built by an ancient ancestor of
humans, Homo erectus, who is known to have used stone tools.
The site has been dated to half a million years ago,
according to a report in New Scientist.

It consists of what appear to be 10 post holes, forming two
irregular pentagons which may be the remains of two huts.
Thirty stone tools were also found scattered around the
site.
========================================
אמנות

Earliest evidence of art found

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/733747.stm

Archaeologists in Zambia have uncovered evidence that early
humans used paint for aesthetic purposes far earlier than
previously thought.

The team found pigments and paint grinding equipment
believed to be between 350,000 and 400,000 years old. The
oldest pigments previously found were 120,000 years old and
the oldest known paintings are just 35,000 years old.

Over 300 fragments of pigment have now been found in a cave
at Twin Rivers, near Lusaka, Zambia. These materials were
apparently gathered in from the surrounding area.

גרזן יד צבוע בן 350 אלף שנה נמצא בקבר בספרד

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/2885663.stm


פסל "ונוס" מברכת רם שבגולן, ישראל מ-221 אלף שנה לפנה"ס

http://donsmaps.com/ukrainevenus.html

http://www.imj.org.il/imagine/HightLight.asp

http://www.golan.org.il/museum/pre.htm


פסל "ונוס" מ-221 אלף שנה לפנה"ס ממרוקו ליד העיר טן טן

http://donsmaps.com/tantanvenus.html

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3047383.stm

http://www.clearwisdom.net/emh/articles/2003/5/26/36166.html


חרוזים מלפני 280 אלף שנה

http://donsmaps.com/objects.html

Stone Age beads revealed by archaeologists on Wednesday
could be the strongest evidence yet that humans developed
sophisticated symbolic thought much earlier than once
thought.

The ostrich egg beads and numerous other artefacts,
including ochre pencils, carved bone and stone tools, were
recovered from the Loiyangalani River Valley, in Serengeti
National Park in Tanzania.

The archaeologists who discovered the relics have yet to
date them precisely, but believe they originate from the
African Middle Stone Age - between 280,000 and 45,000 years
ago. This is because they were found in a sedimentary layer
along with many items characteristic of the Middle Stone
Age.

THE SHOUT OF HOMO ERECTUS

http://www.paleolithicartmagazine.org/pagina39.html

יצירה אמנותית של הומו ארקטוס, פנים המביעות צעקה.
====================================
דיבור

האם ההומו ארקטוס דיבר?

http://www.asa3.org/archive/evolution/199608/0118.html

When the evidence for speech from cultural technology is
combined with
the evidence from symbolism, the evidence from compassionate
behavior and
the evidence that Homo erectus had a human pattern of birth
and growth,
one should seriously consider the possibility that Homo
erectus is human
in the Biblical sense.
==========================================
קבורה

Evidence of earliest human burial

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2885663.stm

Scientists claim they have found the oldest evidence of
human creativity: a 350,000-year-old pink stone axe.

The handaxe, which was discovered at an archaeological site
in northern Spain, may represent the first funeral rite by
human beings.

It suggests humans were capable of symbolic thought at a far
earlier date than previously thought.

Spanish researchers found the axe among the fossilised bones
of 27 ancient humans that were clumped together at the
bottom of a 14-metre- (45 feet) deep pit inside a network of
limestone caves at Atapuerca, near Burgos.
=====================================
מסעות ימיים

רוברט בדנאריק מנסה לשחזר את המסעות הימיים של הומו ארקטוס

Erectus Ahoy
Prehistoric seafaring floats into view

http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20031018/bob8.asp

As the sun edged above the horizon on Jan. 31, 2000, a dozen
men boarded a bamboo raft off the east coast of the
Indonesian island of Bali. Each gripped a wooden paddle and,
in unison, deftly stroked the nearly 40-foot-long craft into
the open sea. Their destination: the Stone Age, by way of a
roughly 18-mile crossing to the neighboring island of
Lombok. Project director Robert G. Bednarik, one of the
assembled paddlers, knew that a challenging trip lay ahead,
even discounting any time travel. Local fishing crews had
told him of the Lombok Strait's fiendishly shifting
currents, vicious whirlpools, and unexpected waves far from
shore. No matter-Bednarik knew of no other way to
demonstrate that Homo erectus, humanity's evolutionary
precursor and perhaps a direct ancestor of Homo sapiens, was
the world's first seafarer

The First Mariners Project

http://mc2.vicnet.net.au/home/mariners/web/mariners.html

http://mc2.vicnet.net.au/home/mariners/web/ng2004.html

Bednarik, Robert G. 2000 Crossing the Timor sea by Middle
Paleolithic raft. Anthopos 9537-45.

Bednarik, Robert G. 2003 Seafaring in the Pleistocene.
Cambridge Archaeological Journal 13 (1):41-66.
======================================
נושאים שונים

גידול השיניים

Growth processes in teeth distinguish modern humans from
Homo erectus and earlier hominins

http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v414/n6864/abs/414628a.html;jsessionid=C0195AC992571EFC35B7E052A06E4F22

לאדם המודרני תהליך גידול השניים שונה מהומו ארקטוס.
========================================
הפחד ולא התוקפנות כיוון את התנהגות הומו ארקטוס באפריקה

http://briandeer.com/homo-erectus-1.htm

New research into the origins of man suggests that fear, not
aggression, was the driving force that ensured our survival.
Study of past environments and climates shows that, rather
than killers, our ancestors were natural-born cowards,
scavenging on carcasses and skulking in the shadows as the
rainforest dwindled. BRIAN DEER reports from East Africa
========================================
אנימציה

http://www.musculographics.com/gallery/homoerectus.html

=========================================
חוקרים קלאסיים של הומו ארקטוס

Eugene Dubois: החוקר שמצא את הומו ארקטוס מג'ווה

http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/edubois.html


Davidson Black (1884 or 1885-1934 - החוקר שמצא את ההומו
ארקטוס מפקין

http://www.nceas.ucsb.edu/%7Ealroy/lefa/Black.html

========================================
ביבליוגרפיה

ספרים ומאמרים העוסקים באבולוציה של האדם

http://stage.co.il/Stories/493330

=======================================
מאמרים בסידרה: האבולוציה של האדם

http://web.beitberl.ac.il/%7Eamnon.till/lhuev.htm

=====================================
פרקים בספר: "מהפכות המידע"

http://web.beitberl.ac.il/%7Eamnon.till/linfor.htm

========================================

הבלוג שלי בתפוז
http://www.tapuz.co.il/blog/userBlog.asp?FolderName=amnontill

הבלוג שלי בקפה דמרקר
http://cafe.themarker.com/view.php?u=162968

===================